City of Madinah Al - Munawwarah is one of the oldest cities , the historians
attribute the founding of the city of Medina to a group of 5th generation
descendant of Prophet Nuh - ' peace be upon - seeking settlements for their
residence , they found a fertile plain , filled with springs and valleys ,
surrounded by mountains and volcanic rocks , they came to the place and build a
village called Yathrib , in accordance with the name of their leader .
Yasrib city living in a very long period without any known , we can know that
from ancient relics found afterwards , until finally the name appears in
several inscriptions and writings of Mu'iniyyin , Kildaniyyin , and ancient
Greece in the 20th century before hijra prophet Muhammad - peace 'alaihi wasallam
- .
Inferred from the inscriptions and writings , that the city of Yathrib was
previously a haven various country caravan between Sham and Yemen , the people
live in peace , away from the big events and the fierce battles between great
empires , the city is subject to the government in power in the Hijaz region to
provide a safe haven and supplies such as water and dates , required caravans
that passed .
Some historical sources mention that the city of Yathrib Arabs after the envoy
welcomes both individuals and tribes from different regions in the Arabian
Peninsula , Palestine and Yemen , they settled there , and with the other
townsfolk Yasrib they build multi- cultural society and religion , the children
they live in peace in a long time , until a dispute arises as for power that
was started by a Jewish leader named Alfatyun , who tried to commit tyranny and
authoritarian , then , Malik bin Ajlan from Khazraj tribe killed , and also
requested assistance from State Ghasasinah relatives in Sham or Tababiah in
Yemen , they send aid and to break the Jewish power .
Not long after , there was backbiting between the two brothers tribes , tribes
Aus and Khazraj tribes , which can not be separated from the role of Jews who
sparked envy among them , so that there was sporadic warfare / periodically
over 6 decades , which has killed many people .
Buats last war is war , which occurred on the 5th year before moving Prophet
Muhammad sallallaahu ' alaihi - wasallam , when the wise men of both tribes
will realize their losses , and both parties decided to stop the war and
looking for someone who can realize the security , justice , and harmony for
the city of Yathrib .
At the same time , the Prophet - sallallaahu ' alaihi wasallam - is facing
difficulties from the Mushrikeen Quraish , he came out to Mina on the hajj
season to preach to the messengers of tribes , he Meet with 6 people pilgrims
from the city of Yathrib on 11th year of prophethood , he introduced the
religion of Islam , then they were converted to Islam , and broke the news that
the city Yathrib .
In the 12th year of prophethood , he met with 12 people Yathrib and his their
allegiance . The pilgrimage season 13th year of prophethood , he met with 75
people , they swear him to provide aid at once invited him and the Muslims to
emigrate to them .
- Hijrah Prophet sallallaahu ' alaihi wasallam - is the beginning of a golden
history for this noble country , the impact on the many changes in her life
foundation . Islam growing in it , the country's name was changed and the
ending anyway vendetta between two rival tribes , they united in a Qur'anic
name that will always be cherished forever the " Ansar " . Starting
from where missionary groups and forces / paramilitary jihadist move , until
finally they were involved in two major wars , the war of Uhud and Ahzab (
Ditch ) , the city of Medina to be rid of the Jews who fight against Islam ,
then start the messenger from Arabia came to swear Prophet - sallallaahu
'alaihi - wasallam .
Throughout the ten - year life of the Prophet sallallaahu ' alaihi wasallam -
in the city of Medina , the town became the center of the light of faith ,
culture , and politics , then , revelation down there and prophetic directives
that go with it , forming the knowledge and behaviors that have a high culture
on generation of the Companions , and equip them treatise to be disseminated
all over , they took him with the utmost care , and spread it all over they are
flown , the treatise that can create new knowledge , and also so that other
regions that embed treatise the same can participate in developing the
pegetahuan through nutmeg expert Qari ' ( Quran reading expert ) , the
commentators , jurists , scholars and men of letters , the city of Medina to
the fields to sow the seeds and place the plants flourishing , as well as
capital first to Islamic culture , in various principles / foundations and
contributions fore .
- After the death of the Prophet sallallaahu ' alaihi wasallam - , city Madinah
are continuing treatise of faith and knowledge , he became the center of
government Khulafa'ur caliphs, and the capital of the Islamic State is growing
, it still keep fighting unity with apostates , he sends the preachers and
conquering forces to keep applying throughout the prophetic legacy in public life
, behavior , and patterns of education to their children , generation tabi'in .
And when it went into the hands of the Caliphate Umawiyyah / Umayyads in
Damascus in the year 40 H , Medina city politics freed from the burden of the
people focus on daily routines , and scientific studies in Nabawy Mosque , and
gathering movement arose Hadith and Islamic history , emerged competent jurists
, who give fatwas in some new things that show up on their lives , the city of
Medina becomes widespread , spreading buildings , houses around Aqiq Wadi (
valley Aqiq ) grew boisterous , the dams built on the valley , built a vast
agricultural area , built the first water network also regulate the circulation
of water through underground channels from local wells Quba ' Mosque towards
Nabawy and surrounding areas , also irrigate gardens , they gave him the name
" blue spring " , and the construction of mosques Nabawy renovated ,
made a big expansion with high technology and decoration , danapun multiply ,
and thrive kekayaanpun . Hurrah exception when the incident in which 63 H
panduduk Medina lost a lot of their children , and in addition , the city of
Medina had never felt a great disturbance that interfere with their lives .
And when it went into the hands Abbasid Caliphate in the year 132 H , Medina
resident inducted them , life in those days took place safely in the period of
time until the end of the 2nd century Hijri . Except when there are two major
events : first , the murder of some of the children of the children of the
Abbasid Umayyad or Abbasid escape their sons , the second , Rebellion Muhammad
An - Nafsuz Zakiyyah the caliph al - Mansur in the year 145 H , he was
surrounded and killed with some defense by the Abbasid forces stormed the city
of Medina and stop the rebellion . And after that , get back on track in the
city of Medina science and economics , and Imam Malik, whose study appeared
intended by the prosecution of science from various Islamic countries .
And in the second decade of the third century of Hijra , Medina city a
destination for pilgrimages to the Muslim Ummah Mosque Nabawy and met with the
scholars of the Islamic world they met each other at the mosque , and exchange
readings qira'at and diplomas , and some remain for some time in order to convey
the lessons of religion , then , the prosecution of science taking faidah of
them even in the not too distant future .
Medina city surrounded by a fence that was built in the year 263 H , the fence
keeping the population of more than two centuries , the Abbasid princes and
Fathimiyyah vying to attract the hearts of the people of Medina and lectured
them onstage in front of the mosque Nabawy , they sent money and gifts . Not
long after , meluaslah buildings and over the fence from the two sides , south
and west , so they do make a third fence which includes the expansion of the
building with funding from Sultan Nuruddin Zanki . And after that , Salahuddin
Al - Ayyubi and his sons can keep the loyalty of the people of Medina to the
Abbasid rule . Then Hosseiniyeh family of ruling family Al - Muhanna and Change
over their loyalty to the government Mamalik in Egypt after the fall of the
Abbasid rule , when the city of Medina in general enjoy local autonomy . And on
many occasions , the government sends removal and demotion decisions in
accordance with the agreement made by the family Hosseiniyeh , and very rarely
do they interfere in such affairs , except in some problems , for example in
the event of a major conflict or something that is shameful , they interfere in
accordance with the terms of the policies that they have agreed in the family ,
however , the government still does not get out of its offspring .
And the dynasty Mamalik , scientific movement thriving city of Madinah , came
inside the scholars , writers , and historians who helped enrich the wealth of
Arabic literature with works that are monumental , especially about the history
of the city of Medina and historic places in it , so that era is considered as
the richest era in the essay books that exist in the city of Medina and Medina,
and before the expiration of Mamalik dynasty , the city administration were
included in the government Makkah Madinah , then melemahlah Husainiyyin
government power , they become representatives in governing their cousins who
come to the rulers of the city of Mecca .
And when the first Ottoman emperor named Salim ( the first ) , in power in
Egypt , the Government of Makkah sent him a messenger who brought the key two
holy ground , as a sign of their subjection to Ottoman authority , and that was
the beginning of the Hejaz cities beginning with the two holy cities entered in
the Ottoman authority .
Ottoman Empire was very attentive to the city of Medina and transmit large
amounts of funds , they renovated the building inside the fence as well as the
impregnable fortress that they send military security . They set system of
government and make the government remains involved with the administration of
Madinah Makkah as before , and then gradually the city of Medina were given
freedom . Military occupation is determined directly from the imperial capital
, and Sheikh Mosque Nabawy a person who has a top notch administratively .
People who move to the city of Medina the more , they come from various Islamic
countries , both individuals and families . Medina society into a heterogeneous
society , a blend of European Muslim communities , Asia , and Africa ,
particularly in the last century of the Ottoman dynasty that ruled over four
centuries ( 923-1337 H ) . The whole community of the Medina scored with
religious and civic character . Extended family ties between tribes and states
to increase familiarity and harmony among people. Social donation and science
increasingly active , some schools and libraries were built and diwakafkan by
prominent figures and the rich , and the scholarly study in the mosque Nabawy
continues.
In the early quarter of the 14th century H , the city of Medina witnessed great
growth and prosperity . Telegraph wires and railroads had entered Madinah on the
initiative of Sultan Abdul Hamid 2nd try hard to build it for the convenience
of the Muslims in performing Hajj obligation , as well as to become a
connecting line between the regions in the country . The population of Medina
multiply by more than tripled, and the trade was growing.
However , the first world war , and the difficult position of the Ottoman
dynasty that ruled at that time by the " Group of Union and Progress
" in the fierce battle , resulting in the city of Medina suffered huge
losses , when the leaders of Makkah , Sharif Husayn , and their children lead
great revolution against the Ottoman empire and attempted to overthrow the
Caliphate . Islamic world divided between them , and the leaders called Fakhri
Pasha Ottoman sacrifice soul of his body in defense of the city of Medina which
was then besieged by the army of Sharif Husayn , he advised the people of
Medina to move out of the city to end the fighting that has never happened
before , then he told those who have not come out of the city of Medina - as -
subject to leave the city , until there is little left of the people of Medina
, which is only a few families . At first , the people of Madinah willingly
face these conditions , but when the heavy burden of war , the people who
emigrated from Madinah to experience things that are very bitter , and others
complained about rising prices , hunger , and siege . Fakhri Pasha resistance
continued until after the fall of the capital of the Caliphate at the hands of
the allies , and the arrival of their orders to surrender , then some of his
followers turned against him and submit to the caliphate Hasyimiyyah city of
Medina in the year 1337 H.
Conditions improved in the Medina City Hasyimiyyah Caliphate era , most of the
population from returning to the city , but the weakness of state power and the
short period of the Caliphate Hasyimiyyah well as their involvement in the
struggle with growing power in the Saudi city of Medina Najd making moaning for
a period due to the impact the struggle .
Madinah waiting for an atmosphere conducive to progress and develop . Society
sent a letter to the King Abdul Aziz , who was trying to unite the country . So
King Abdul Aziz sends his son Muhammad , he took over the government of Medina
on the 19th Jumadal Ula 1344 H , then it represents his father in taking
allegiance ( oath of allegiance ) from the residents of Medina , since that's
the new era of the holy city of Medina life begins , the city entered in the
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia region , and became one of the most important
government areas .
City of Medina received great attention from the King Abdul Aziz and his sons
in many respects , in the management , culture , and development .
Nabawy mosque gets special attention from them , the King Abdul Aziz ordered to
hold the first expansion era of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia so vast mosque
Nabawy be doubled from the previous , and the king who reigns after it took
part in the expansion of new , good building , porch , or development tools,
and services to the people who pray there and the pilgrims .
Recent expansion of the command Waiter Two Holy Land , King Abdullah , ranging
from the installation of patio umbrellas in the area of the mosque , the
expansion of buildings and terraces so as to double the capacity of the
congregation , and the mosque be special buildings that provide the best
conditions , to worship comfortably and calm .
Throughout the seven decades ago from the era of the kingdom of Saudi Arabia ,
Madinah town experienced rapid development , from an increase in the number of
people reached five times , the extent of development in all aspects , two
volcanic land of the east and west was improved , filled with buildings ,
gardens , and yard as well as new roads .
Buildings constructed around the mosque Nabawy re accordance with the current
system of universal construction , to be the center of the city and to provide
accommodation and shopping services for the city of Medina pilgrims from around
the world .
Education is also growing . Various universities and educational institutions
has graduated thousands of scholars in various fields .
Spread knowledge to a new generation , both male and female , came from their
scholars , writers , poets , and journalists . Their work played a role in the
revitalization of cultural movements in the city of Medina in particular , and
in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in general .
And now , the work to improve the new civilization is being done to create the
city of knowledge economy using the latest techniques of modern architecture
for the development of pilot cities , and to attract scientists , experts , and
investors as well as leading international universities , in order to become a
leader in the field of knowledge , culture , and economy , and also to forward
the minutes of the medina that has existed since the beginning of the golden
age , that the minutes of light , goodness and peace .
Medina city when the responsibility became the Capital of Islamic Culture for
one year duration , reminiscent of the embryo become a prominent Islamic
culture . Seeds spread throughout the Islamic world in order to grow wherever
it is stocked , and into the fields of Islamic civilization that lives up to
its history for centuries , and to emphasize that the roots of the plant still
thrives in the soil , and will grow into fragrant flowers and fruit - ripe
fruits with the permission of Allah and then with the spirit of the bearers of
responsibility momentum , and even then the place is full of events that
promise , and the worker bees like honey that never stops , while the
expectation of guidance from Allah Subhanahu wa Ta'ala is very large .
What do
people eat in France? When do people eat? What are the best French
specialities? These are questions that hundreds of thousands of people ask each
year. France is famed as a world leader when it comes to fine eating - known to
the French as "gastronomy" and known the world over by the French
expression "haute cuisine". The English translation of "haute
cuisine", which might be "good cooking", somehow lacks the
sophistication and je-ne-sais-quoi of the French expression.
